Agricultural microbiology is a branch of science that studies different microorganisms that are associated with plants, soil fertility, and even animal diseases.

• Agricultural microbiology has been extensively studied for the decade as it helps to understand the importance of relevant microbial strains to agricultural applications to minimize agricultural loss, increase soil fertility, and harvest.
• Agricultural microbiology helps in the understanding of the specific plant requirements that include soil texture, soil nutrients, water content, and associated microorganisms.
• Besides, different topics within agricultural microbiology help in the diagnosis and prevention of plant diseases that might result from plant pathogens.
• Based on the studies made in agricultural microbiology, different microorganisms can be used for different purposes, all ultimately leading to minimizing loss of plant and plant products and increasing fertility and harvest.
• Agricultural microbiology allows for the exploration of new and advanced techniques that can be used in agricultural practices to make the practices safer and reliable.

Food microbiology is a branch of microbiology that studies a variety of microorganisms involved in the spoilage of food, manufacture of food, and transmission of diseases via food.

• Food safety is an important part of food microbiology as food continues to act as a mode of transmission of various infectious agents.
• Spoilage of food by microorganisms has become a problem for many people around the world as foods act as a nutrient source for microorganisms.
• Food microbiology focuses not only on the detection of food spoilage but also on the preservation of food against such microorganisms.
• Preservation techniques like radiation, dry and moist heat sterilization, filtration uses physical and chemical methods in food microbiology.
• Food microbiology is closely related to other disciplines like biotechnology and basic microbiology, which enables the use of genetic recombination for the manufacturing of high-protein containing food for ill and immune-compromised individuals.

Microbial biotechnology involves the exploitation, genetic manipulation and alterations of micro-organisms to make commercial valuable products and that also involves fermentationand various upstream and downstream processes.

• Microbial biotechnology is an exceptionally dynamic and exciting sector of the biomedical sciences that is unique in the breath and diversity of products and services it provides/will provide and to which it contributes, such as disease prevention and therapy, diagnostics, agriculture and horticulture, food provision and nutrition, energy production, production of chemicals and materials, water and waste treatment, recycling, acquisition of and adding value to natural resources, environmental monitoring, forensics, sustainable practices, etc.
• Microbial biotechnology research is critical for advances in food safety, food security, biotechnology, value-added products, human nutrition and functional foods, plant and animal protection, and furthering fundamental research in the agricultural sciences.

Industrial microbiology is a branch of applied microbiology that applies microbial sciences to create industrial products in mass quantities, often using microbial cell factories.

• There are multiple ways to manipulate a microorganism in order to increase maximum product yields.
• Introduction of mutations into an organism may be accomplished by introducing them to mutagens. Another way to increase production is by gene amplification, this is done by the use of plasmids, and vectors.
• Industrial microbiology is achieved for large-scale use of microorganisms to synthesize products of commercial value and a wide variety of applications.

Medical microbiology, the large subset of microbiology that is applied to medicine, is a branch of medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.

• In addition, this field of science studies various clinical applications of microbes for the improvement of health.
• There are four kinds of microorganisms that cause infectious disease: bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses, and one type of infectious protein called prion.
• A medical microbiologist studies the characteristics of pathogens, their modes of transmission, mechanisms of infection and growth.
• Not all medical microbiologists study microbial pathology; some study common, non-pathogenic species to determine whether their properties can be used to develop antibiotics or other treatment methods.